感谢网友【蒋小强】投稿。
如何合理地估算线程池大小？
这个问题虽然看起来很小，却并不那么容易回答。大家如果有更好的方法欢迎赐教，先来一个天真的估算方法：假设要求一个系统的TPS（Transaction Per Second或者Task Per Second）至少为20，然后假设每个Transaction由一个线程完成，继续假设平均每个线程处理一个Transaction的时间为4s。那么问题转化为：
如何设计线程池大小，使得可以在1s内处理完20个Transaction？
计算过程很简单，每个线程的处理能力为0.25TPS，那么要达到20TPS，显然需要20/0.25=80个线程。
很显然这个估算方法很天真，因为它没有考虑到CPU数目。一般服务器的CPU核数为16或者32，如果有80个线程，那么肯定会带来太多不必要的线程上下文切换开销。
再来第二种简单的但不知是否可行的方法（N为CPU总核数）：
- 如果是CPU密集型应用，则线程池大小设置为N+1
- 如果是IO密集型应用，则线程池大小设置为2N+1
如果一台服务器上只部署这一个应用并且只有这一个线程池，那么这种估算或许合理，具体还需自行测试验证。
接下来在这个文档：服务器性能IO优化 中发现一个估算公式：
最佳线程数目 = （（线程等待时间+线程CPU时间）/线程CPU时间 ）* CPU数目
比如平均每个线程CPU运行时间为0.5s，而线程等待时间（非CPU运行时间，比如IO）为1.5s，CPU核心数为8，那么根据上面这个公式估算得到：((0.5+1.5)/0.5)*8=32。这个公式进一步转化为：
最佳线程数目 = （线程等待时间与线程CPU时间之比 + 1）* CPU数目
可以得出一个结论：
线程等待时间所占比例越高，需要越多线程。线程CPU时间所占比例越高，需要越少线程。
上一种估算方法也和这个结论相合。
一个系统最快的部分是CPU，所以决定一个系统吞吐量上限的是CPU。增强CPU处理能力，可以提高系统吞吐量上限。但根据短板效应，真实的系统吞吐量并不能单纯根据CPU来计算。那要提高系统吞吐量，就需要从“系统短板”（比如网络延迟、IO）着手：
- 尽量提高短板操作的并行化比率，比如多线程下载技术
- 增强短板能力，比如用NIO替代IO
第一条可以联系到Amdahl定律，这条定律定义了串行系统并行化后的加速比计算公式：
加速比=优化前系统耗时 / 优化后系统耗时
加速比越大，表明系统并行化的优化效果越好。Addahl定律还给出了系统并行度、CPU数目和加速比的关系，加速比为Speedup，系统串行化比率（指串行执行代码所占比率）为F，CPU数目为N：
Speedup <= 1 / (F + (1-F)/N)
当N足够大时，串行化比率F越小，加速比Speedup越大。
写到这里，我突然冒出一个问题。
是否使用线程池就一定比使用单线程高效呢？
答案是否定的，比如Redis就是单线程的，但它却非常高效，基本操作都能达到十万量级/s。从线程这个角度来看，部分原因在于：
- 多线程带来线程上下文切换开销，单线程就没有这种开销
- 锁
当然“Redis很快”更本质的原因在于：Redis基本都是内存操作，这种情况下单线程可以很高效地利用CPU。而多线程适用场景一般是：存在相当比例的IO和网络操作。
所以即使有上面的简单估算方法，也许看似合理，但实际上也未必合理，都需要结合系统真实情况（比如是IO密集型或者是CPU密集型或者是纯内存操作）和硬件环境（CPU、内存、硬盘读写速度、网络状况等）来不断尝试达到一个符合实际的合理估算值。
最后来一个“Dark Magic”估算方法（因为我暂时还没有搞懂它的原理），使用下面的类：
package pool_size_calculate;
import java.math.BigDecimal;
import java.math.RoundingMode;
import java.util.Timer;
import java.util.TimerTask;
import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue;
/**
* A class that calculates the optimal thread pool boundaries. It takes the
* desired target utilization and the desired work queue memory consumption as
* input and retuns thread count and work queue capacity.
*
* @author Niklas Schlimm
*
*/
public abstract class PoolSizeCalculator {
/**
* The sample queue size to calculate the size of a single {@link Runnable}
* element.
*/
private final int SAMPLE_QUEUE_SIZE = 1000;
/**
* Accuracy of test run. It must finish within 20ms of the testTime
* otherwise we retry the test. This could be configurable.
*/
private final int EPSYLON = 20;
/**
* Control variable for the CPU time investigation.
*/
private volatile boolean expired;
/**
* Time (millis) of the test run in the CPU time calculation.
*/
private final long testtime = 3000;
/**
* Calculates the boundaries of a thread pool for a given {@link Runnable}.
*
* @param targetUtilization
* the desired utilization of the CPUs (0 <= targetUtilization <= * 1) * @param targetQueueSizeBytes * the desired maximum work queue size of the thread pool (bytes) */ protected void calculateBoundaries(BigDecimal targetUtilization, BigDecimal targetQueueSizeBytes) { calculateOptimalCapacity(targetQueueSizeBytes); Runnable task = creatTask(); start(task); start(task); // warm up phase long cputime = getCurrentThreadCPUTime(); start(task); // test intervall cputime = getCurrentThreadCPUTime() - cputime; long waittime = (testtime * 1000000) - cputime; calculateOptimalThreadCount(cputime, waittime, targetUtilization); } private void calculateOptimalCapacity(BigDecimal targetQueueSizeBytes) { long mem = calculateMemoryUsage(); BigDecimal queueCapacity = targetQueueSizeBytes.divide(new BigDecimal( mem), RoundingMode.HALF_UP); System.out.println("Target queue memory usage (bytes): " + targetQueueSizeBytes); System.out.println("createTask() produced " + creatTask().getClass().getName() + " which took " + mem + " bytes in a queue"); System.out.println("Formula: " + targetQueueSizeBytes + " / " + mem); System.out.println("* Recommended queue capacity (bytes): " + queueCapacity); } /** * Brian Goetz' optimal thread count formula, see 'Java Concurrency in * Practice' (chapter 8.2) * * @param cpu * cpu time consumed by considered task * @param wait * wait time of considered task * @param targetUtilization * target utilization of the system */ private void calculateOptimalThreadCount(long cpu, long wait, BigDecimal targetUtilization) { BigDecimal waitTime = new BigDecimal(wait); BigDecimal computeTime = new BigDecimal(cpu); BigDecimal numberOfCPU = new BigDecimal(Runtime.getRuntime() .availableProcessors()); BigDecimal optimalthreadcount = numberOfCPU.multiply(targetUtilization) .multiply( new BigDecimal(1).add(waitTime.divide(computeTime, RoundingMode.HALF_UP))); System.out.println("Number of CPU: " + numberOfCPU); System.out.println("Target utilization: " + targetUtilization); System.out.println("Elapsed time (nanos): " + (testtime * 1000000)); System.out.println("Compute time (nanos): " + cpu); System.out.println("Wait time (nanos): " + wait); System.out.println("Formula: " + numberOfCPU + " * " + targetUtilization + " * (1 + " + waitTime + " / " + computeTime + ")"); System.out.println("* Optimal thread count: " + optimalthreadcount); } /** * Runs the {@link Runnable} over a period defined in {@link #testtime}. * Based on Heinz Kabbutz' ideas * (http://www.javaspecialists.eu/archive/Issue124.html). * * @param task * the runnable under investigation */ public void start(Runnable task) { long start = 0; int runs = 0; do { if (++runs > 5) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Test not accurate");
}
expired = false;
start = System.currentTimeMillis();
Timer timer = new Timer();
timer.schedule(new TimerTask() {
public void run() {
expired = true;
}
}, testtime);
while (!expired) {
task.run();
}
start = System.currentTimeMillis() - start;
timer.cancel();
} while (Math.abs(start - testtime) > EPSYLON);
collectGarbage(3);
}
private void collectGarbage(int times) {
for (int i = 0; i < times; i++) {
System.gc();
try {
Thread.sleep(10);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
break;
}
}
}
/**
* Calculates the memory usage of a single element in a work queue. Based on
* Heinz Kabbutz' ideas
* (http://www.javaspecialists.eu/archive/Issue029.html).
*
* @return memory usage of a single {@link Runnable} element in the thread
* pools work queue
*/
public long calculateMemoryUsage() {
BlockingQueue queue = createWorkQueue();
for (int i = 0; i < SAMPLE_QUEUE_SIZE; i++) {
queue.add(creatTask());
}
long mem0 = Runtime.getRuntime().totalMemory()
- Runtime.getRuntime().freeMemory();
long mem1 = Runtime.getRuntime().totalMemory()
- Runtime.getRuntime().freeMemory();
queue = null;
collectGarbage(15);
mem0 = Runtime.getRuntime().totalMemory()
- Runtime.getRuntime().freeMemory();
queue = createWorkQueue();
for (int i = 0; i < SAMPLE_QUEUE_SIZE; i++) {
queue.add(creatTask());
}
collectGarbage(15);
mem1 = Runtime.getRuntime().totalMemory()
- Runtime.getRuntime().freeMemory();
return (mem1 - mem0) / SAMPLE_QUEUE_SIZE;
}
/**
* Create your runnable task here.
*
* @return an instance of your runnable task under investigation
*/
protected abstract Runnable creatTask();
/**
* Return an instance of the queue used in the thread pool.
*
* @return queue instance
*/
protected abstract BlockingQueue createWorkQueue();
/**
* Calculate current cpu time. Various frameworks may be used here,
* depending on the operating system in use. (e.g.
* http://www.hyperic.com/products/sigar). The more accurate the CPU time
* measurement, the more accurate the results for thread count boundaries.
*
* @return current cpu time of current thread
*/
protected abstract long getCurrentThreadCPUTime();
}
然后自己继承这个抽象类并实现它的三个抽象方法，比如下面是我写的一个示例（任务是请求网络数据），其中我指定期望CPU利用率为1.0（即100%），任务队列总大小不超过100,000字节：
package pool_size_calculate;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.lang.management.ManagementFactory;
import java.math.BigDecimal;
import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
import java.net.URL;
import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue;
import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue;
public class SimplePoolSizeCaculatorImpl extends PoolSizeCalculator {
@Override
protected Runnable creatTask() {
return new AsyncIOTask();
}
@Override
protected BlockingQueue createWorkQueue() {
return new LinkedBlockingQueue(1000);
}
@Override
protected long getCurrentThreadCPUTime() {
return ManagementFactory.getThreadMXBean().getCurrentThreadCpuTime();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
PoolSizeCalculator poolSizeCalculator = new SimplePoolSizeCaculatorImpl();
poolSizeCalculator.calculateBoundaries(new BigDecimal(1.0), new BigDecimal(100000));
}
}
/**
* 自定义的异步IO任务
* @author Will
*
*/
class AsyncIOTask implements Runnable {
@Override
public void run() {
HttpURLConnection connection = null;
BufferedReader reader = null;
try {
String getURL = "http://baidu.com";
URL getUrl = new URL(getURL);
connection = (HttpURLConnection) getUrl.openConnection();
connection.connect();
reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(
connection.getInputStream()));
String line;
while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
// empty loop
}
}
catch (IOException e) {
} finally {
if(reader != null) {
try {
reader.close();
}
catch(Exception e) {
}
}
connection.disconnect();
}
}
}
得到的输出如下：
Target queue memory usage (bytes): 100000 createTask() produced pool_size_calculate.AsyncIOTask which took 40 bytes in a queue Formula: 100000 / 40 * Recommended queue capacity (bytes): 2500 Number of CPU: 4 Target utilization: 1 Elapsed time (nanos): 3000000000 Compute time (nanos): 47181000 Wait time (nanos): 2952819000 Formula: 4 * 1 * (1 + 2952819000 / 47181000) * Optimal thread count: 256
推荐的任务队列大小为2500，线程数为256，有点出乎意料之外。我可以如下构造一个线程池：
ThreadPoolExecutor pool = new ThreadPoolExecutor(256, 256, 0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS, new LinkedBlockingQueue(2500));
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